Increased expression of mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) contributes to synapse loss in Alzheimer’s disease

Background: The activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an early pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain, but how ER stress contributes to the onset and development of AD remains poorly characterized. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a non-canonical neurotrophic factor and an ER stress inducible protein. Previous studies reported that MANF is increased in the brains of both pre-symptomatic and symptomatic AD patients, but the consequence of the early rise in MANF protein is unknown. Methods: We examined the expression of MANF in the brain of AD mouse models at different pathological stages. Through behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuropathological analyses, we assessed the level of synaptic dysfunctions in the MANF transgenic mouse model which overexpresses MANF in the brain and in wild type (WT) mice with MANF overexpression in the hippocampus. Using proteomic and transcriptomic screening, we identified and validated the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of MANF on synaptic function. Results: We found that increased expression of MANF correlates with synapse loss in the hippocampus of AD mice. The ectopic expression of MANF in mice via transgenic or viral approaches causes synapse loss and defects in learning and memory. We also identified that MANF interacts with ELAV like RNA-binding protein 2 (ELAVL2) and affects its binding to RNA transcripts that are involved in synaptic functions. Increasing or decreasing MANF expression in the hippocampus of AD mice exacerbates or ameliorates the behavioral deficits and synaptic pathology, respectively. Conclusions: Our study established MANF as a mechanistic link between ER stress and synapse loss in AD and hinted at MANF as a therapeutic target in AD treatment.